Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter. For eg:chair,car,table, clouds, stars etc.

`color{green}("𝐒𝐎𝐌𝐄 𝐈𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐓 𝐀𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒")`


`color{red}("𝐎𝐁𝐒𝐄𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍")`

`color{green}(•)` Matter is made up of tiny particles.

`color{green}(•)` There is space between tiny particles.


`color{red}("𝐎𝐁𝐒𝐄𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍")`
`color{green}(•)` Particles of matter are very small.






`color{red}("𝐎𝐁𝐒𝐄𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍")`

`color{green}(•)` Particles of matter are continuously moving, that is, they possess what we call the kinetic energy.

`color{green}(•)` As the temperature rises, particles move faster. So, we can say that with increase in temperature the kinetic energy of the particles also increases.

`color{green}(•)` Particles of matter intermix on their own with each other. They do so by getting into the spaces between the particles.

This intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called `color{red}("𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧")` and on heating,
diffusion becomes faster.

`color{green}("𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐓𝐄𝐑")`

`color{green}(•)` Matter is made up of small particles.

`color{green}(•)` These particles are very small in size.

`color{green}(•)` These particles are moving constantly( They possess what we call the kinetic energy. As the temperature rises, particles move faster. So, we can say that with increase in temperature the kinetic energy of the particles also increases.)

`color{green}(•)` These particles have spaces between them.

`color{green}(•)` Particles of matter attract each other because of force of attraction present between them.

Matter around us exists in three different states– solid, liquid and gas. These states of matter arise due to the variation in the characteristics of the particles of matter.

`color{green}("𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐃:")`

`color{green}(•)` They have fixed volume and shape.

`color{green}(•)` Particles are closely packed .

`color{green}(•)` They have less spacing between them.

`color{green}(•)` They have distinct boundaries.

`color{green}(•)` They have negligible compressibility.

`color{green}(•)` They are rigid.

`color{green}(•)` Example: sugar, stone, wood etc.


`color{green}("𝐋𝐈𝐐𝐈𝐔𝐃:")`

`color{green}(•)` They don’t have fixed shape.

`color{green}(•)` They take the shape of container in which they are kept.

`color{green}(•)` They have fixed volume.

`color{green}(•)` They are not rigid.

`color{green}(•)` They have tendency to flow that’s why they are called fluids.

`color{green}(•)` Example: milk, water, petrol etc.

`color{green}("𝐆𝐀𝐒:")`

`color{green}(•)` They have indefinite shape and volume.

`color{green}(•)` Particles have very large space between them and weak force of attraction.

`color{green}(•)` Due to high speed of particles and large space between them, gases show the property of diffusing very fast into other gases.

`color{green}(•)` They are highly compressible.

`color{green}(•)` Gases can move randomly due to which the particles hit each other and also the walls of the container. The pressure exerted by the gas is because of this force exerted by gas particles per unit area on the walls of the container.

`color{green}(•)` As the temperature of the solids is increased, their kinetic energy increases due to which the particles start vibrating with greater speed. The energy supplied by heat overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles. The particles leave their fixed positions and start moving more freely.

`color{green}(•)` A stage is reached when the solid melts and is converted to a liquid.

`color{green}(•)` The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its `color{red}("𝐦𝐞𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭")` . The melting point of ice is `color{red}("273.16 K*")`.

`color{green}(•)` The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also known as fusion.

`color{green}("𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐇𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍")`

During melting, the temperature of the system does not change after the melting point is reached, till all the ice melts. This happens even though we continue to heat the beaker and heat gets used up in changing the state by overcoming the forces of attraction between the particles.

As this heat energy is absorbed by ice without showing any rise in temperature, it is considered that it gets hidden into the contents of the beaker and is known as the `color{red}("𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭")`. The word latent means hidden.

The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the `color{red}("𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧")`. So, particles in water at `color{red}(0^0 C (273 K))` have more energy as compared to particles in ice at the same temperature.

`color{green}("𝐁𝐎𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐏𝐎𝐈𝐍𝐓")`

When we supply heat energy to water, particles start moving even faster. At a certain temperature, a point is reached when the particles have enough energy to break free from the forces of attraction of each other. At this temperature the liquid starts changing into gas.

The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as its `color{red}("𝐛𝐨𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭.")` Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from the bulk of the liquid gain enough energy to change into the vapour state. For water this temperature is `color{red}(373 K (100^0C = 273 + 100 = 373 K))`. Particles in steam, that is, water vapour at `color{red}(373 K (100^0 C))` have more energy than water at the same temperature. This is because particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of vaporisation.

Substances around us change state from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas on application of heat. But there are some that change directly from solid state to gaseous state and vice versa without changing into the liquid state.

A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state (or vice versa) is called `color{red}("𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧.")`

`color{red}("Solid State" underset("Cool") overset("Heat")⇄ " Liquid State" underset("Cool") overset(" Heat") ⇄ " Gaseous State")`

When the pressure over the piston is applied the gas present inside the container starts compressing and the particles start coming close to each other. Now when the pressure is applied and temperature is reduced the gases start to liquify.

Solid carbon dioxide `color{red}((CO_2))` is stored under high pressure. It gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere* without coming into liquid state. This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also known as dry ice.


𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬, 𝐰𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐬𝐚𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐝, 𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 𝐨𝐫 𝐠𝐚𝐬.

`color{green}(•)` The process of conversion of liquid to gas due to escaping of particles from liquid surface is called evaporation.

`color{green}(•)` It takes place only at the surface of liquid.

`color{green}(•)` It can take place at room temperature also.

`color{green}("𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐒 𝐀𝐅𝐅𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐕𝐀𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:")`

`color{red}("𝟏 𝐒𝐔𝐑𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐀𝐑𝐄𝐀")`
Evaporation being the surface phenomena increases with increase in surface area.For eg: wet clothes are spread out so that with increase in surface area evaporation takes place faster and clothes become dry up quickly.

`color{red}("𝟐 𝐓𝐄𝐌𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄")`
Evaporation increases with increase in temperature. This is because as the temperature is increased the particles present at the surface get the required kinetic energy so that they can overcome the force of attraction and escape quickly in air

`color{red}("𝟑 𝐇𝐔𝐌𝐈𝐃𝐈𝐓𝐘")`
Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air around us cannot hold more than a definite amount of water vapour at a given temperature. If the amount of water in air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases. Therefore evaporation decreases with increase in humidity in surroundings.

`color{red}("𝟒 𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐃 𝐒𝐏𝐄𝐄𝐃")`

With the increase in wind speed, the particles of water vapour move away with the wind, decreasing the amount of water vapour in the surrounding. Therefore evaporation increases with wind speed.

`color{green}("𝐂𝐎𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐄𝐅𝐅𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐕𝐀𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:")`

`color{green}(•)` In an open vessel, the liquid keeps on evaporating. The particles of liquid absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation. This absorption of energy from the surroundings make the surroundings cold.

`color{green}(•)` When we pour some acetone over our palm then the particles gain energy from our palm or surroundings and evaporate causing the palm to feel cool.

`color{green}(•)` After a hot sunny day, people sprinkle water on the roof or open ground because the large latent heat of vaporisation of water helps to cool the hot surface.

`color{green}(•)` During evaporation, the particles at the surface of the liquid gain energy from the surroundings or body surface and change into vapour. The heat energy equal to the latent heat of vaporisation is absorbed from the body leaving the body cool. Cotton, being a good absorber of water helps in absorbing the sweat and exposing it to the atmosphere for easy evaporation.

`color{green}(•)` Let us take some ice-cold water in a tumbler droplets of water are seen on the outer surface of the tumbler. This is because the water vapour present in air, on coming in contact with the cold glass of water, loses energy and gets converted to liquid state, which can be seen as water droplets.